one of vietnamese traditions is a belief in

Iranian culture is one of the oldest in the region, and it has influenced cultures like Italy, Macedonia, Greece, Russia, the Arabian Peninsula, and parts of Asia. Islam is practiced by the majority of Iranians and governs their personal, political, economic and legal lives. The Persian calendar is a solar calendar, however, some of the Traditionally laulau is made with pork wrapped in layers of taro leaves and cooked in an underground hot rock oven for hours until it turns soft and smoky flavored. The meat is tender and juicy while the leaves turn to a spinach like consistency. Nowadays you can easily find fish, chicken or pork laulau in Hawaii. Kalua Pig 3. Kalua pig Mahayana Buddhism is the branch of Buddhism popular in China, South Korea, Vietnam, and Japan. These countries have a very large number of people practicing Buddhism. As a result, Mahayana Buddhism is commonly accepted as the branch of Buddhism with the largest population. Although, most surveys and census do not cover this assertion. A majority of Vietnamese people are religiously unaffiliated, meaning they do not openly or consistently practice belief in a singular God or Higher Power. However, Vietnamese people have a strong sense of respect and veneration for ancestors and spirits, as nearly half of the population is associated with Vietnamese folk religion. The Vietnam War was the longest lasting war in the United States history before the Afghanistan War. This example of a critical essay explores the history of that violent and divisive event. The United States' presence and involvement in the Vietnam War were something that many people felt very strongly about, whether they be American citizens, Vietnamese citizens, or global citizens. jelaskan pengertian sst dan sebutkan 5 contoh sst. Vietnam is a country of contrasts and cultural overlaps. This is also evident when you look at the diverse Vietnamese traditions. Below you will find a brief overview of these traditions and customs VIETNAM VISA ONLINE has researched for you. Don’t be surprised if you see people burning coloured paper on your Vietnam vacation or if the locals do not celebrate New Year until the end of January! About us We are your trusted partner when it comes to applying for a Vietnam Visa online. If you are interested in Vietnam Visa Requirements, Vietnam Visa Costs or Government Policies, you will find the answers here. In our blog you will find many exciting topics about the beautiful country in South East Asia. Vietnamese traditions – not without grandma and grandpa! Vietnamese believe that their deceased ancestors live on in another universe. They see it as their duty to meet the ancestors’ needs. In return, the Vietnamese tradition says, the descendants receive advice from the deceased and they are filled with happiness. And that is precisely why there is a small, usually colourful altar in almost every house in the country. This serves as communication for the deceased relatives the family sacrifices fruit and other dishes as well as wine. In addition, incense sticks and candles are lit on the altar before a prayer begins. Votive paper is also sacrificed, which leads us to the next point … Handicrafts in a different way This Vietnamese tradition is often astonished by visitors coloured paper so-called votive paper is folded into houses, cars, clothing and many other forms and then burned. After the cremation, the faithful pour some wine on the ashes so that the spirits can ascend to the sky and give the presents to the ancestors. Good to know The Vietnamese tradition with the votive paper takes place on certain days like New and Full Moon days or annual ancestors anniversaries. So that the universe stays in balance In Vietnam, animistic popular religions have partly mixed with “established” religions, such as Buddhism or Hinduism. Animists believe that souls exist in humans as well as in non–human “living beings”. At the same time, the popular religion says that the souls and spirits of the dead control all phenomena and forces in the universe. Thus, the deceased have a significant influence on the environment world and the fate of the individual. Since the souls can be anchored in trees, rivers and other waters as well as in mountains, the sun and the moon, the corresponding gods must be honoured in order to offer protection to the living from harm. This Vietnamese tradition or animism is particularly common among the people in the highlands. The communities often live a life that is all about agriculture. It is all the more important that the gods give their blessings to plants and crops. Vietnamese traditions and money In the Vietnamese belief there is a god of wealth. This is understood as a kind of benefactor who “boosts” the business and own restaurant, hotel or similar. Brings happiness. In order not to be left out of luck, according to the Vietnamese tradition, you should set up an altar in your shop. In front of the entrance or in a well-ventilated corner of the premises. Inward Especially when spring approaches, many locals follow the Vietnamese tradition and go to temples and pagodas to pray for happiness, health and peace. People come together and gather in a spiritual place to leave the difficulties of everyday life behind and to experience the harmony between earth and sky. Happiness and prosperity for the new year The Tet festival is the New Year festival and a particularly beautiful Vietnamese tradition. It takes place from day one of the first month of the lunar calendar = around the end of January and extends over three or more days. In the context of this custom, one comes together with the family to express the wish for happiness, kindness and prosperity for the new year; they laugh, sing and dance together. Vietnamese traditions and modernity are not mutually exclusive As you can see, Vietnam does not only inspire its visitors with beautiful beaches, majestic mountains and imposing rainforests. There are also numerous Vietnamese traditions that stand out clearly from those in other cultures and continue to shape the country’s identity to this day. These customs are a fascinating cultural heritage that has survived many generations and will survive many more generations. It is the amalgamation of the Vietnamese traditions with the modern values, which makes the attraction of the Southeast Asian country for many holidaymakers. Vietnamese are a Southeast Asian ethnic group originally native to modern-day Northern Vietnam and southern China. The native language is Vietnamese. It is the most widely spoken Austroasiatic language. The diverse cultural traditions, geographies, and historical events have created distinct regions in the country. Vietnam has unique culture and tradition that has been passed over for millennia. Many ethnic groups inhabit the highlands. Therefore the culture has varied in the central region, sharing characteristics including the way of life. This has led to numerous special festivals where it shows belief and traditions. It is worth enjoying some of the festivals in Vietnam to get a better understanding of the peaceful country. Here are some of the 10 Vietnamese you should know 1. vietnamese people worship their ancestors The Vietnamese ancestor believed to continue to live in another realm. It was the duty of the living beings to meet their need. In return, the ancestor would give advice and bring good fortune. A small altar is usually placed in every house in Vietnam. It is used to commune with the departed ones. Some of the rites consist of making offerings of fruits, food, wine votive paper, lighting candles and also burning incense before praying in front of the altar. 2. Hung King Temple Festival Hung King Temple Festival is a national event. It is normally held in Phu Tho. The event takes place annunciator to commemorate Hung kings the founder of the nation. During this festival people all over the world and living abroad head from the main temple on Nghia Linh, Phu Tho to take part in the meaningful festival. The atmosphere of the festival is bustling with different folks with games like human chess, bamboo swings, rice cooking competitions, wrestling, and lion dance. 3. Celebration of the baby’s first month Vietnamese people celebrate one month of baby. It is like commemorating a president’s first 100 days in office. While Vietnamese mothers are expected to rest indoors without taking a shower for a month after giving birth. At the celebration friends and family present mother and child with luck money. 4 Visit/perfume the pagoda festival Perfume pagoda festival is the most popular festival in Hanoi. The festival draws visitors all over Vietnam to the iconic perfume pagoda. During the spring season, many Vietnamese go to pagodas. Praying is one of the most important activities in Huong Tich cave. It is believed that if you pray here to get a son/ daughter by touching the mountain the wish will come true. If you touch the silver/ gold trees in the cave you can pray for wealth and prosperity. 5. Eating the boiled chicken Boiled chicken is a strong cultural indicator that the Vietnamese continue to serve in any traditional holiday meal. In Vietnamese whether it’s a wedding party, new year holiday, or any other holiday there is no proper meal will be served without a boiled chicken cooked with handed-down skills. 6. Traditional costumes of Vietnam Vietnam has 54 tribes and every tribe has its traditional costumes. The traditional dress of the Vietnamese people has changed significantly from time to time. The common people of the country had greater freedom to choose their clothing under the Nguyen dynasty. During the Nguyen dynasty, several restrictions were placed on the type and the colours of clothes that should be worn by the common people of Vietnam. Some examples of traditional Vietnamese costumes include the Ao Giao Linh, Ao Tu Than, Ao Canh, and the Ao BaBa. The first one refers to a cross-collared robe worn by Vietnamese men while the second is a four-part dress worn by women. 7. Martial Arts in Vietnam Vietnam’s traditional martial art is Vovinam. The country has a very well-developed tradition of martial art. It has some similarities to that of Chinese martial arts. Vietnamese vovinam martial arts philosophy guides the martial art practice in the country. The martial art is associated with intense spirituality because of its association with Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism. The scissor kicks are a famous movement in this form of martial arts. 8. Buddha’s birthday Buddha is a religious and also a national festival. Buddha’s birthday became a significant event for Vietnamese people. They celebrate commemorating the birth and enlightenment and the death of buddha. Before the celebration, hundreds of monks and thousands of people tend to gather in big pagodas chosen to act as the holding place. These pagodas are cleaned and decorated with buddha’s statue in the middle of a pink lotus. They are surrounded by colourful lanterns, different kinds of flowers, and small lotus flowers. During the festival, sacred rituals like offering incense and flowers are done to celebrate the birthday. people actively participate in charity activities like helping the unlucky, mentally retarded, and the elderly. 9. Vietnamese music and dance Vietnam is associated with a rich tradition of dance and music. The Vietnamese music exhibited variance in every part of Vietnam. It is older and more formal in the north while Champa culture exerts considerable influence on central classical music and the music of the southern part of the country. The country has nearly 5o national musical instruments. Some important traditional forms of Vietnamese music include imperial court music and ca tru. The great ethnic diversity of Vietnam has gifted the country with diverse dance forms. These dances are normally performed at the cultural program and festivals that are held in the country. Some of the traditional dance forms in Vietnam include the lion dance, platter dance, fan dance, and imperial lantern dance. These dances developed in the imperial courts of Vietnam. They are quite complex. 10. Lunar new year is more about the family reunion It is also known as the Tet holiday. The Vietnamese new year takes place from the first day of the first month of the lunar calendar. It is around late January or early February and lasts for at least 3 days. This is a joyful family reunion full of smiles and blessings to express filial piety. the family bonds and the desire for the coming year full of happiness and also the prosperity and the goodness. Ivone Discover Walks contributors speak from all corners of the world - from Prague to Bangkok, Barcelona to Nairobi. We may all come from different walks of life but we have one common passion - learning through travel. Whether you want to learn the history of a city, or you simply need a recommendation for your next meal, Discover Walks Team offers an ever-growing travel encyclopaedia. For local insights and insider’s travel tips that you won’t find anywhere else, search any keywords in the top right-hand toolbar on this page. Happy travels! Vietnam is officially declared as an state. While government policies seek to legally protect the freedom to practice any religion, the Vietnamese Communist Party and State maintain control over the organisation of religious groups. All religious institutions must register themselves to the government and are restricted from . Furthermore, it is illegal for foreigners to perform religious services without government of the Vietnamese population identified with a registered religion in the 2009 national census, while identified as non-religious. Of those that did identify with a religion in the census, affiliated with Buddhist and identified as Roman Catholic or Protestant Christian. A further and identified with Hòa Hảo and Cao Đài, respectively. These relatively new religious movements of the 20th century are and have a strong political character. There was also a minority of Vietnamese that identified as Muslim – commonly Cham Vietnamese despite the census figures indicating otherwise, the Pew Research Centre estimates that of Vietnamese people practise folk religions. Other organisations have published similar statistics that show roughly half the population following a religious amalgamation of Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism. The beliefs of these faiths are often considered to complement and coincide with one another, referred to as Tam Giáo’ “triple religion” or the Three Teachings. The unique mix perhaps explains why some Vietnamese find it difficult to identify with one religion, per se, and instead classify themselves as non-religious. Many Vietnamese may also not consider their traditional worship to be a religion’ necessarily, but rather a philosophy’ or way of life. Folk religions are commonly based on this mixture of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism as well as local beliefs that have been intertwined and incorporated over centuries. There are also deep superstitious foundations to many Vietnamese people’s in VietnamVietnam typically follows Mahāyāna Buddhism, which differs from the earliest known formulation originating in India known as Theravāda Buddhism. Mahāyāna Buddhism emphasises the Bodhisattva’ ideal of seeking full awakening through attaining perfection in morality and knowledge whilst endeavouring to assist others on their path towards enlightenment. Central to its teaching is the acceptance that suffering underpins all existence. As a Buddhist phrase elicits “Suffering is as inescapable as a baby’s first tears”. However, one may be liberated from this suffering by practising the Noble Eightfold Path’. By the Buddhist way of thinking, the way forward is to be respectful, dutiful and tenets of Buddhism have had a notable effect on Vietnamese society. As the teachings seek to fundamentally provide followers a method of processing the pain inherent in life, the Buddhist worldview has offered many Vietnamese a way of understanding and dealing with the hardships and atrocities experienced in the American in VietnamAs an influence of Chinese rule and the resulting of Vietnam, Confucianism plays a significant role in the faith and personal beliefs of some Vietnamese. This is a body of traditional practices rather than a religion. The foundations of Confucianism are derived from the teachings of Confucius, who emphasised the importance of healthy relationships. It promotes the idea that relationships between people are unequal and that everyone has defined hierarchical roles for example, ruler and subject, husband and wife, father and son. When this natural inequality is accepted and respected, it becomes easier to maintain harmonious, stable relations between individuals and, therefore, in society as a whole. These core values are reflected in respect and a sense of duty towards others, as well as maintaining loyalty and honour for oneself and their family. A major part of daily life for Vietnamese is ancestor worship, as well as respecting their elders filial piety.Taoism in VietnamTaoism or Đạoism’ in Vietnamese is rooted in the philosophical teachings of Laozi – a great thinker from China of the 6th century BCE. The tradition is based on the perception that the universe is a reality in which everything that exists is connected and emphasises a deep connection with nature and self-development. While it is difficult to accurately convey in English, the central tenet of Taoism is that of Tao’ the Way’. The essence of Tao is the One’, namely the notion of unification and . A tenet of Taoism perhaps most familiar to Westerners is the concept of Yin and Yang. This explains the world as full of opposites working in , unified in how they complement one another light and dark, high and low, etc.. Taoist beliefs related to seeking with nature, spiritual immortality and the cultivation of virtues’ manifest through practices of meditation and in phong thủy’ Vietnamese for feng shui’.Folk Religions and Traditional BeliefsThe folk religions of Vietnam have been particularly suppressed over the last century in different ways. Nevertheless, traditions such as shamanism and soothsaying have revived despite government disapproval. There are many indigenous traditions common to the people of Southeast Asia that may also be practised in rural areas, such as totemism, animism, tattooing, teeth blackening and marriage rituals. Generally, folk religions and beliefs vary between regions and . Some minorities in North Vietnam practise a form of worship that honours all living things. This philosophy holds reverence for the ecosystem, believing that anything with a lifecycle plant, animal, person has a soul or traditional beliefs of Vietnam are not institutionalised or systemised. They are usually structured around the worship of thần’ spirits, gods or deities. These thần can be represented in nature or objects. They may also often be guardians or protectors of specific places, people, lineages and occupations. It is believed that thần have generative powers that can return to a person positively or negatively depending on how they are respected and belief common throughout Vietnam is that people are indebted to those that bore their bloodline and that the deceased can be contacted and honoured. In this way, thần often represent ancestors. Some people believe that dishonouring one’s ancestors will result in their ancestor’s spirits interfering with their life, and so many Vietnamese people practise ancestor worship, no matter their religious orientation. For example, almost all Vietnamese households have an altar honouring previous generations where incense is burned and offerings are made. Christian Vietnamese families may worship a Catholic or Protestant saint that has particular importance to them, instead of their ancestors. AbstractIn this chapter we shall describe the way in which some Vietnamese people cope with death and dying. The beliefs, fears and rituals of people in the north of Vietnam are investigated. Despite some cultural differences, they are quite similar to people in other parts of the and dyingBeliefFearRitualAttitude ReferencesDieu Hien, T., & Hoang, R. N. 2000. Death rituals in Vietnamese society. Seattle University of Washington. Google Scholar Gruenewald, D. A., & White, E. J. 2006. The illness experience of older adults near the end of life A systematic review. Anesthesiology Clinics, 24, 16380. Google Scholar Hanh, T. N. 2003. No death, no fear Comforting wisdom for life Reissue edition. New York Riverhead. Google Scholar Owens, C. O., & Lundgren, K. 2002. Medical examiner dialogue Vietnamese Buddhist. Seattle University of Washington. Google Scholar Rao, J. K., Anderson, L. A., & Smith, S. M. 2002. End of life is a public health issue. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 233, Google Scholar Scherer, Y., Jezewski, M. A., Graves, B., Wu, Y. W. B., & Bu, X. 2006. Advance directives and end-of-life decision making survey of critical care nurses knowledge, attitude, and experience. Critical Care Nurse, 264, 30– Google Scholar Vietnamese Cultural Profile. 2009. Diversicare, PO Box 5199. Google Scholar Wright, A. A., et al. 2008. Associations between end-of-life discussions, patient mental health, medical care near death, and caregiver bereavement adjustment. JAMA, 30014, Google Scholar Download referencesAuthor informationAuthors and AffiliationsHanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, VietnamNguyen Duc Son & Giap Binh NgaAuthorsNguyen Duc SonYou can also search for this author in PubMed Google ScholarGiap Binh NgaYou can also search for this author in PubMed Google ScholarCorresponding authorCorrespondence to Nguyen Duc Son .Editor informationEditors and AffiliationsHampshire College Retired, Amherst, MA, USAHelaine SelinEmeritus Professor of Politics and Environmental Studies, Hampshire College, Amherst, MA, USARobert M. RakoffRights and permissionsCopyright information© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AGAbout this chapterCite this chapterSon, Nga, 2019. Death and Dying Belief, Fear and Ritual in Vietnamese Culture. In Selin, H., Rakoff, eds Death Across Cultures. Science Across Cultures The History of Non-Western Science, vol 9. Springer, Cham. 02 July 2019 Publisher Name Springer, Cham Print ISBN 978-3-030-18825-2 Online ISBN 978-3-030-18826-9eBook Packages Social SciencesSocial Sciences R0 Vietnam is a country which has a rich and wide variety of religions. These include religions based on popular beliefs, religions brought to Vietnam from the outside, and several indigenous religious groups. As with other countries, the Vietnamese have several popular beliefs, such as animism and theism. The most widespread popular belief among the Vietnamese is the belief in ancestor-worship. In regard to the major world religions, Vietnam is a multi-religious state, with more than 20 million believers, and more than 30,000 places of worship. Buddhism is the largest of the major world religions in Vietnam, with about ten million followers. It was the earliest foreign religion to be introduced in Vietnam, arriving from India in the second century in two ways, the Mahayana sect via China, and the Hinayana sect via Thailand, Cambodia, and Laos. During the ten-century feudal reign of Vietnam, Buddhism was considered a state religion. At present, Vietnam has more than 20,000 pagodas dedicated to Buddha, with a large number of other pagodas being built or restored. The second largest foreign religion in Vietnam is Catholicism, with about six million followers. Catholicism was introduced to Vietnam by Spanish, Portuguese, and French missionaries early in the 17th century. There are now more than 6,000 churches engaged in religious activities throughout the country. More than 500 churches damaged during the air war against Vietnam are being rebuilt. Protestantism came to Vietnam in 1911, and was widely spread throughout Vietnam in 1920, but the number of Protestants in Vietnam is not very large. Islam was introduced to Vietnam long ago, but did not flourish. In addition to these religions originating in other parts of the world, Vietnam has indigenous religions, such as the Cao Dai and Hoa Hao sects, with their holy lands in the city of Tay Ninh and the provinces of Chau Doc and An Giang in the Mekong Delta. The Vietnamese religions have never opposed or competed with one another, but were united in a national united front, the Vietnam Fatherland Front, peacefully coexisting in the Vietnamese community, and contributing to the struggle against foreign aggression for national construction. History of beliefs and religions The Vietnamese folk beliefs since the ancient time consist of belief in fertility, worship of nature and worship of man. Human beings need to be reproduced, crops need to be lushly green for the nourishment and development of life, so belief in fertility came into existence. Water-rice agriculture that depended much on natural factors ignited the belief of worshiping nature. In Vietnam, this belief was polytheism and respect for goddess, and worshipp of animals and plants as well. A research book published in 1984 listed 75 goddesses, mostly matriarchal goddesses, also called Mau ancient people not only worshipped the Creator but also Mau Cuu Trung which was a female Creator, as well as Mau Thuong Ngan, River Goddess and so on. Regarding botany-worshiping beliefs, the rice plant was most venerated, the next were the banyan-tree, the areca-tree, the mulberry tree and the gourd. In respect of animal-worshiping beliefs, unlike nomadic culture that worships fierce wild animals, Vietnamese tend to worship gentle species of animals like stag, deer, frog, especially those which are easy to come by in the riverside regions like water-birds, snakes, and crocodiles. The Vietnamese proclaimed themselves as belonging to the Hong Bang family line and the Tien Rong breed Hong Bang was the name of a huge species of water-bird, Tien, or Fairy, was deification of an egg-laying species of bird, Rong, or Dragon, was an abstract image of snake and crocodile. The ascending dragon that was born in the water is meaningful and special symbol of the Vietnamese nation. Among the human-revering beliefs, the custom of worshiping ancestors is the most popular, which nearly become one belief of the Vietnamese also called Dao Ong Ba in the Cochinchina. The Vietnamese choose the death-day rather than the birthday to hold a commemorative anniversary for the deceased. Every family worships Tho cong, or the God of Home, who takes care of the home and blesses the family. Every village worships its Thanh hoang, the God of the village, who protects and guides the whole village the Vietnamese always honour the people who rendered distinguished services for villagers or national heroes who were born or died in the village to be their Thanh hoang. The whole nation worships the very first kings, sharing the common ancestors' death anniversary the Ritual of Hung Temple. Particularly, the worship of Tu Bat Tu, or the Four Immortal Gods, namely, God Tan Vien preventing flooding, God Giong resisting and defeating foreign invaders, God Chu Dong Tu together with his wife growing out of poverty to consistently build his fortune and Goddess Lieu Hanh heavenly princess who left Heaven for the earth in the yearning for happiness has been regarded as extremely beautiful national values. Although turning into superstition in some specific cases, folk beliefs have lasted consistently and mixed with orthodox religions. Therevada Buddhism might have been imported directly into Vietnam from India through sea routes since the 2nd century Vietnamese Buddhism stays on earth rather than ascends up to heaven, attaches to exorcism and prayers for wealth, happiness and longevity rather than heads toward nirvana. Only when Maharayana Buddhism approached the country from China did Vietnamese monks have the chance to carry out in-depth study of Buddhism; however, separate schools were later formed, such as Truc Lam Buddhist School which attaches importance to the Buddha inside the human heart. In the Ly-Tran dynasties, Buddhism, though having reached its peak, still embraced both Taoism and Confucianism to create a cultural face with "the three religions existing at the same time". Over ups and downs throughout the history, Buddhism has become absolutely familiar to the Vietnamese; according to the 1993 stastistics, there were up to some 3 million Buddhist believers and some other 10 millions frequently going to the pagoda for worshipping the Buddha. Under the Chinese domination, Confucianism had yet to gain a position in the Vietnamese society. The official adoption of Confucianism had not been recorded until 1070 when King Ly Thai To built Van Mieu the Temple of Literature to worshipChu Cong and Khong Tu confucius. In the 15th century, due to the need of constructing a unified nation, a centralized administration and a social order, Confucianism took the place of Buddhism to become a national religion under the Ledynasty. Confucianism, mostly Song Confucianism, that took root deep into the social and political structure, the system of education and examinations and the circle of Confucian scholars gradually dominated social and moral life. However, Confucianism was only accepted to Vietnam in specific factors, particularly on politics and morality, rather than its entire system. Taoism penetrated Vietnam at roughly the end of the 2nd century. Since the Vo Vi letting things take their own course doctrine bore the thought of resisting the Chinese rulers, it was used as a weapon against the Northern feudalism. This religion also contained factors of magic and mystery, so it fits human subconscience and primitive beliefs. Many Confucianists also admired Taoism?s tendency of enjoying quietness and joyful leisure. However, Taoism has long been regarded as an extinct religion that only left vestiges in folk beliefs. Christianity came to Vietnam in the 17th century as an intermediary of the Western culture and colonialism. It made use of the favorable opportunity in which feudalism was in crisis, Buddhism was depraved and Confucianism was in deadlock to become a spiritual relief of a part of the population. However, this religion failed to integrate into the Vietnamese culture for a long time. Christians had to set up an altar dedicated to Jesus Christ right at their homes. Only when the Gospel was introduced into Vietnam, Christianity was able to gain a position. In 1993, there were 5 million Catholics and nearly half a million Protestants. Foreign religions imported to Vietnam did not exterminate the local folk beliefs, but they mixed with each other to derive specific variants for both sides. For example, Taoism could not lower the women?s role, which was reflected by widespread worship of Mau Goddess. The features of polytheism, democracy, and community are manifested by the worship of groups of ancestors, and pairs of gods. Entering a pagoda, people can easily recognize that not only Buddhas but also gods and even human are worshiped there. Perhaps, only in Vietnam, there were legends that a toad dares to sue Heaven or a human being marries a fairy. These are the prominent features of Vietnamese beliefs.

one of vietnamese traditions is a belief in